- Cybersecurity Fundamentals
- Core Knowledge
- Finding Vulnerabilities
- Getting started
- Sources
- Frequently asked questions
Cybersecurity is a diverse field, containing a large number of different roles. A cybersecurity professional can have an offensive or defensive role and specialize in any of a number of different subfields.
However, across the industry, certain knowledge and skill sets are essential to success. One of these common skill sets is at least a fundamental knowledge of programming and how it fits into the field of cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity experts aren’t developers, and, despite having some similar skill sets, they can have very different focuses.
A developer’s focus is on writing code that does its job, is efficient, and is shipped on schedule.
A security expert’s goal is to make sure that the code is secure and doesn’t expose the company or its customers to unnecessary risk.
That said, while hackers aren’t developers, having familiarity with a language or two is a huge asset for a hacker.
A large part of cybersecurity is either breaking code or finding ways to fix it, so understanding how to read and write a program is a necessary skill.
If you’re intrigued by the idea of “thinking like a hacker” to outwit cybercriminals, here’s your roadmap to kickstarting a career in cybersecurity.
Related resources
Understanding cybersecurity fundamentals
Starting a career in cybersecurity begins with a solid grasp of digital fundamentals.
While you don’t need to be a coding expert from day one, learning at least one or two programming languages—like Python, C/C++, or JavaScript—is essential.
Understanding networking principles, including the TCP/IP model and common protocols like HTTP and DNS, is equally important.
Gaining hands-on experience with operating systems, especially Linux and Windows, helps you understand system architecture and security features.
Setting up virtual machines is a safe way to explore. Finally, proficiency with the command line is crucial, as it allows for efficient system navigation, automation, and security testing—core skills in any cybersecurity role.
The Core Knowledge
With a foundational understanding of programming and systems, you can delve into the core concepts of cybersecurity:
Cryptography: Learn about encryption algorithms (symmetric and asymmetric), hashing functions, digital signatures, and their applications in securing data and communications. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of different cryptographic methods is vital.
Authentication and Authorization: Understand how systems verify user identities (authentication) and control their access to resources (authorization). Explore different authentication mechanisms like passwords, multi-factor authentication, and biometric systems.
Common Vulnerabilities: Familiarize yourself with prevalent security weaknesses such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), buffer overflows, and insecure configurations. Understanding how these vulnerabilities arise is the first step in preventing or exploiting them (ethically, of course!).
Security Principles: Grasp core security principles like the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability), the principle of least privilege, defense in depth, and the importance of risk management. These principles guide the development and implementation of secure systems.
Finding the vulnerabilities
Once you know how everything is supposed to work, the next step is learning how everything can go wrong. Understanding common vulnerabilities and how they work will enable you to identify the same errors in different applications.
If you’re tracking vulnerability stats, it may seem like new types of attacks are being discovered every day. For the last few years, over 22,000 new vulnerabilities have been discovered each year, according to one study done by the vulnerability intelligence firm, Risk Based Security.
If you focus on the numbers like this, the thought of learning how all of these different vulnerabilities work may seem overwhelming.
However, the truth is that software security hasn’t changed much over the years, and it wasn’t very diverse in the first place. These massive numbers of vulnerabilities exist because developers keep making the same mistakes in different applications.
For example, there are currently over 148,000 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) — which are publicly reported vulnerabilities — but these vulnerabilities are classified into only 916 different CWEs.
For example, take a look at the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top Ten list of common web application vulnerabilities. This is one of the most famous cybersecurity resources in existence and lists the most common vulnerabilities in web applications at the time it is published (every few years).
More specifically, focus on the Release Notes, which describe the changes between 2013 and 2017 (the most recent version). The newest version has three new vulnerabilities, two that were bumped from the list, and two that were merged into a single vulnerability.
In summary, not much has changed in the last eight years. The same is largely true for earlier versions of the list as well, back to when it was first created in 2003.
This means that,
if you understand the vulnerabilities described in the OWASP Top Ten, the CWE Top 25, and similar lists, you understand the vast majority of the vulnerabilities that you are likely to encounter as a hacker.
Dive into these lists and work to understand how these vulnerabilities work rather than the specific implementations. This — combined with an understanding of programming — should enable you to identify vulnerable code regardless of what it looks like.
Once you understand the core vulnerability, take some time to read up on remediations, variations, and workarounds.
For example, the use of a token is a common mitigation against cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. Many platforms include CSRF defenses, but they don’t always work. Understanding how and why a particular defense works helps you to spot cases where it doesn’t.
Scripting and Automation
So far, we’ve been talking about programming as a means to achieving some other cybersecurity goal.
For example, you need to understand code to break it or to fix it when it’s broken, so a basic understanding of programming and the various types of vulnerabilities is required knowledge for a cybersecurity practitioner.
However, the ability to program is also a useful asset in and of itself for cybersecurity.
The field of cybersecurity is fast-moving, meaning that a hacker needs to be able to respond quickly to events.
Additionally, the networks that hackers need to defend or attack are growing larger and larger and can contain a greater variety of systems.
Attempting to do everything by hand is an unscalable solution, making automation an invaluable resource for the cybersecurity practitioner.
For this reason, an understanding of at least one common scripting language is a huge asset for a cybersecurity professional. Scripting languages are designed to be flexible and easy to use, which makes it possible to quickly develop programs to accomplish a particular task.
This is useful across the board in cybersecurity, whether a hacker needs to collect log data to investigate a potential incident or automate a scan or exploit against a potential vulnerability.
When selecting a scripting language to learn, Python is always a good choice. It is designed to be easy to learn and, through its vast array of libraries, is capable of doing some truly incredible things.
If you haven’t chosen a language to learn to program in yet, give Python a try. If you already know how to program, then learning Python is largely a matter of reading up on syntax and getting comfortable with using indentation to define blocks of code instead of curly braces.
However, despite Python’s numerous advantages, it isn’t enough for a cybersecurity expert. To be a hacker, you also need to be comfortable working in the command line.
Many programs that are commonly used in cybersecurity are only available with command line interfaces, which makes fear of the terminal a challenge in cybersecurity.
Additionally, terminal applications like grep can be extremely powerful tools. Even a basic understanding of how to use the terminal is a huge benefit for cybersecurity.
Getting started with programming for cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is a big field that includes a lot of different pieces. There can be a lot to learn, and, without a plan, it can seem overwhelming.
Starting with something interesting is always a good idea. If you want to understand the theory behind cybersecurity, dig into some of the fundamentals and learn about computer memory or the network stack.
On the other hand, if you want to be able to do something immediately, getting some experience with a programming language may be a better introduction to cybersecurity.
Check out this guide to coding for cybersecurity to see a discussion of the pros and cons of various programming languages.
Getting started is always the hardest part, and once you understand one part of cybersecurity, other parts become easier to learn.
Everything in cybersecurity is interconnected, and a solid grasp of the fundamentals will make understanding the latest big-name vulnerability and how to exploit or patch it much easier.
Sources and further reading
- Common Weaknesses Enumeration (CWE): The CWE is a hierarchical system for classifying vulnerabilities. It has a number of useful views, including the Top 25 list of the most dangerous CWEs and language-specific lists.
- Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP): OWASP is a project devoted to improving developer knowledge of web application security threats. It is most famous for its Top Ten list, but also offers other useful vulnerability lists and a wide range of security resources.
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs): CVEs are unique identifiers assigned to publicly reported vulnerabilities. This makes it possible to read about a particular flaw across multiple sources (which may otherwise name or number it differently).
- Coding for Cybersecurity Guide: This article outlines the advantages of various programming languages for cybersecurity. It also highlights recommended bootcamps for learning to program.
Frequently asked questions
“Code like a hacker” is a phrase that emphasizes the importance of understanding the mindset and techniques of hackers. By learning how hackers think and operate, you can better defend against cyber threats and develop more secure software.
With the increasing reliance on digital platforms and the internet, the risk of cyber threats has grown exponentially. Cybersecurity ensures the protection of sensitive data, maintains the integrity of systems, and prevents unauthorized access.
Key skills include: knowledge of programming languages, understanding of network protocols, familiarity with operating systems, ability to analyze malware and critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
Absolutely! Ethical hackers are hired by organizations to test the vulnerabilities of their systems.They play a crucial role in identifying and fixing security flaws before malicious hackers can exploit them.
The time it takes varies based on your background, dedication, and resources. Some may become proficient in a few months with intensive study, while others might take a few years of continuous learning and practice.
For many, the most rewarding aspect is the knowledge that they’re making the digital world safer. Protecting sensitive data, thwarting cyber threats, and staying one step ahead of hackers can be both challenging and fulfilling.
Sources
- CWE Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Weaknesses | Sourced from MITRE.org in Apr 2025
- Threat Intel Blog | Sourced from Flashpoint.io in Apr 2025
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures Program | Sourced from MITRE.org in Apr 2025
- OWASP Top Ten | Sourced from OWASP in Apr 2025
- CIA triad | Sourced from Fortinet, Inc. in Apr 2025